, Japanese firms resembled U.S. multinationals. A Japanese parent's employment, given the level of its production, tends to be … similar to that of Swedish firms, but contrasts with that of U.S. firms. U.S. firms appear to reduce employment at home …-wage countries. We conclude that in Japanese firms and ancillary employment at home to service foreign operations outweighs any …

We compare the relation between foreign affiliate production and parent employment in U.S. manufacturing multinationals … associated with more employment, particularly blue-collar employment, in the parent companies. The small Swedish-owned production … that does take place in developing countries is also associated with more white-collar employment at home. The effects on …