This paper examines the regional distribution of public employment in Italy. It documents two sets of facts. This first … is the use of public employment as a subsidy from the North to the less wealthy South. We calculate that about half of … the wage bill in the South of Italy can be identified as a subsidy. Both the size of public employment and the level of …

-sector workers transition from career employment to complete labor force withdrawal, with a focus on the role of bridge employment … findings suggest that the prevalence of work after leaving career employment among public-sector workers resembles that of … private-sector workers, although with a higher prevalence of part-time bridge employment, a result that has important …

of government employment). Here we rule out this possibility by examining whether birthdates randomly called for …