incentives to invest in R&D by internalizing potential externalities. They may also enhance efficiency of standardization by …

methodological challenges by measuring standardization via national penetration of ISO 9000, allowing standardization to manifest via …-signaling augmenting country-pair trade. Yet, ISO-rich nations (most notably European) benefit the most from standardization, while ISO …

standardization rate (and of competition). Second, we characterize the growth and welfare maximizing speed of standardization. We show … production requires skilled workers. Innovation is followed by a costly process of standardization, whereby these new goods are … adapted to be produced using unskilled labor. Our framework highlights a number of novel results. First, standardization is …

their general online attention patterns. This conclusion has important implications for competition and welfare in other …

Competition between opposing lobbies is an important factor in the endogenous determination of trade policy. This paper … investigates empirically the consequences of lobbying competition between upstream and downstream producers for trade policy. The … with lobbying competition. Importantly, accounting for lobbying competition also alters substantially estimates of the …