Commercializing knowledge involves transfer from discovering scientists to those who will develop it commercially. New … opportunities if high. Hence new knowledge remains naturally excludable and appropriable. Team production allows more knowledge … capture of tacit, complex discoveries by firm scientists. A robust indicator of a firm's tacit knowledge capture (and strong …

destroyed the Bretton Woods System. Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy have suffered from balance-of-payments deficits …

process in Greece, Spain, Ireland, and Portugal and, by way of contrast, in Germany, a country that did experience a reform …

data from Portugal, a country which implemented one of the most dramatic and thorough policies of entry deregulation in the …

THS. Linked employer-employee data for Portugal enable us to account for observable as well as unobservable worker quality …

Portugal from 1995-2004, we describe temporal patterns of firms' demand for labor and estimate production-functions and …

travel for technology sourcing and innovation by examining whether patenting in European regions is affected by the number of … Travelers, we find that controlling for a region's R&D spending and size, innovation is increasing in the number of business …, compared to Portugal's Algarve region.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing …

detailed customs and firm-product-level data from Portugal. We use exchange-rate movements as a source of variation in export …