the yen's status as an only fully convertible currency in Asia, two patterns stand out as puzzling features of an … exports to advanced countries, and second, the prevalence of US dollar invoicing in Japanese exports to East Asia even though … Japanese firms grew; and (2) the production/trade structure of Japanese electronics companies in Asia in which final products …

currencies. We use an AMU (Asian Monetary Unit), which is a weighted average of ASEAN10 plus 3 (Japan, China, and Korea … of the effective exchange rates as more countries applied the AMU peg system in East Asia. Second, the AMU peg system … be useful for the East Asian countries whose trade weights on Japan are relatively higher than others …

During the 1980's and early 1990's, the cigarette markets in Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and Thailand were opened to U ….S. cigarettes in Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and Thailand increased dramatically after the agreements as consumers switched from the …