that measures of subjective well-being indicate that women's happiness has declined both absolutely and relative to men …-being, and is pervasive across demographic groups and industrialized countries. Relative declines in female happiness have eroded … a gender gap in happiness in which women in the 1970s typically reported higher subjective well-being than did men …

wellbeing metrics – happiness and life satisfaction – is less clear cut. Differences vary over time, location, and with model … in happiness data regarding whether males are happier than females but find little variation by month in unhappiness data … reveal that women’s happiness was more adversely affected by the COVID shock than men’s, but also that women’s happiness …