On their fiftieth anniversary, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were" extensively reviewed, both to …

In an experiment providing fertilizer grants to women rice farmers in Mali, we found that women who received fertilizer … increased both the quantity of fertilizer they used on their plots and complementary inputs such as herbicides and hired labor … level of output, we find no evidence that profits increased. Our results suggest that fertilizer's impact on profits is …

While many developing-country policymakers see heavy fertilizer subsidies as critical to raising agricultural … politicized, inefficient distribution of fertilizer supply. We model farmers as facing small fixed costs of purchasing fertilizer … patient, such farmers may procrastinate, postponing fertilizer purchases until later periods, when they may be too impatient …

with taking up and following through with a new technology: a tree species that provides private fertilizer benefits to …

consequences of these lending decisions are interrelated via the effect on the world price of the product. This is termed the …

Why should multilateral lending exist in a world where private capital markets are well developed and governments have … their own bilateral aid programs? If lending by the World Bank, IMF, and regional development banks has an independent …