Quantity-based regulation with banking allows regulated firms to shift obligations across time in response to periods …

Since the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act (1897) and the Sherman Act (1890), regulation and antitrust have … operated as competing mechanisms to control competition. Regulation produced cross-subsidies and favors to special interests … antitrust and regulation. Antitrust and regulation can also be viewed as complements in which regulation and antitrust assign …

The received view pins the adoption of labor regulation before 1914 on domestic forces. Using directed dyad-year event … labor regulation of partners because intraindustry trade was important. The New World exported less differentiated products …

We investigate the regulation of labor markets through employment laws, collective bargaining laws, and social security … generous social security systems. Socialist and French legal origin countries have sharply higher levels of labor regulation …. Heavier regulation of labor is associated with a larger unofficial economy, lower labor force participation, and higher …

following state-level legislation that ended cost-of-service regulation of electricity generation. I find that deregulated …