region. We find that features of a country associated with more trade with either Japan or the United States also tend to be … associated with more DFI from Japan or the United States. U.S. economic relations with Japan and Western Europe provide an … important exception. Despite U.S. concern about its trade deficit with Japan, we find Japan to be much more open to the United …

Department) brought about a 1986 trade agreement in which the United States forced Japan to end the 'dumping' of semiconductors … 'affirmative action' for the industry in its efforts to sell more in Japan, but has been criticized as constituting 'export … protectionism.' This paper examines how the U.S. semiconductor industry became the beneficiary of this unique and unprecedented …

We study the consequences of protectionism for macroeconomic fluctuations. First, using high-frequency trade policy … VARs show that protectionism acts as a supply shock, causing output to fall and inflation to rise in the short run …. Moreover, protectionism has at best a small positive effect on the trade balance. Second, we build a small open economy model …