estimation is over panel datasets of patent grants, and unpatented innovations that were submitted for prizes at the annual … hypothesize that the difference partly owes to the design of patent institutions, which explicitly incorporate mechanisms for …

received over their careers, we highlight the impact of early U.S. patent institutions in providing broad access to economic … procedures for application, the United States deliberately created a patent system that allowed a much wider range, in … patent institutions. Moreover, by requiring that applications be examined for novelty by technical experts, and by enforcing …

technological knowledge. Relying on evidence compiled from patent records, we argue that the evolution of a market for technology … trade in patent rights was closely associated with increases in specialization at invention, as well as advances in rates of … invention more generally. The patent system is often celebrated for the stimulus to invention provided by granting limited …

combines plant-level data on U.S. coal-fired electric power plants with patent data pertaining to NOx pollution control …

institutional supports that made this market possible was, of course, the patent system, which created secure and tradable property … costs associated with assessing the value of inventions and helped to match sellers and buyers of patent rights. Patent …

This paper surveys the major changes in patent policy and practice that have occurred in the last two decades in the U … effects of changes in patent policy. Despite the significance of the policy changes and the wide availability of detailed data … patent policy are few. Possible reasons for these limited results are discussed, and possible avenues for future research are …