government employees and contracting out to private suppliers, also known as privatization. We examine empirically how United … laws restricting county spending encourage privatization, whereas strong public unions discourage it. The evidence is … by political patronage and taxpayer resistance to government spending in the privatization decision …

harmful externalities, its actual use has been limited, mainly to the domain of pollution. Liability, in contrast, has great … importance in controlling harmful externalities. I compare the tax and liability here in theory and suggest that the conclusions … help to explain the observed predominance of liability over taxation, except in the area of pollution. The following …

Taxation and liability are compared here as means of controlling harmful externalities. It is emphasized that liability … liability does not require the state to determine expected harm - it requires only that injurers pay for harm that occurs …. However, taxation enjoys an advantage over liability: incentives under liability are diluted to the degree that injurers might …

This article studies how liability for environmentally harmful discharges affects the incentives of firms to engage in …

We develop a model where products liability trials provide information to consumers who are not parties to the …