literature for over thirty years. The wages and employment o typographers are examined to see whether they can be usefully … characterized as the outcome of a process by which the union maximizes an objective function containing wages and employment and is … wages and employment of these workers compared with our more general formulation …

or utility affected by cultural diversity as measured by diversity of countries of birth of U.S. residents? We document …

. The major finding is that unionism substantively reduces within-establishment dispersion of wages, in part through … individual determination. Dispersion of wages between organized plants is reduced compared to dispersion of wages between … dispersion of wages within firms and in the economy as a whole …

opportunities for substituting wages for employment in response to a change in the slope of the employer's labor demand function …. Larger union locals place greater emphasis on wages versus employment than smaller union locals …

excess supply. The net union premium was estimated by relating changes in wages to changes in union status of the same worker … measured by wages. This conclusion was less reliable for older workers. Subsequent analysis explores the effects of successful … whole tenure profile of wages. The explicit linking of wage levels to seniority reduces incentives for worker investment in …

distributions of alternative wages for workers, it pushes employers toward the middle of the quality distribution. Second, union … standard-rate policies allow union?ununion differences in wages for workers of a given qualityto exist even when union …