. It reduces organizing success by lowering profits, thus giving management a greater incentive to oppose unions. It shows … that in the traditional monopoly model, any given premium can cause management to donate more resources to opposing a union …

This paper offers a comparative study of the evolution of employment systems in the U.S. and Japan, using a game …-theoretic framework in which an employment system is viewed as an equilibrium outcome of the strategic interactions among management ….S.and Japan during the first three decades of this century. In both countries, employment relations evolved from ones governed by …

, the paper documents parallel institutional developments in the U.S. and Japan towards corporate welfarism during the 1920s …, most major employers in Japan maintained their implicit contracts, while developing institutional arrangements to mitigate … the cost of long-term commitment. In contrast to the U.S., labor laws in Japan developed complementary to private welfare …