The impact of insurer competition on welfare, negotiated provider prices, and premiums in the U.S. private health care … industry is theoretically ambiguous. Reduced competition may increase the premiums charged by insurers and their payments made …

The nature, and normative properties, of competition in health care markets has long been the subject of much debate …. In particular, policymakers have exhibited a great deal of reservation toward competition in health care markets, as … care markets, concern about reduced competition has arisen. This concern, however, cannot be properly evaluated without a …

condemnation of this practice has been the court's belief in what has come to be known as the "leverage theory" of tying: that is … power to foreclose sales in, and thereby monopolize, a second market. In recent years, however, the leverage theory has come … used by the critics of the leverage theory which all assume that the tied good market has a competitive, constant returns …

of the individual insurance market, the Marketplaces invoke many of the principles of regulated competition including … the tools of regulated competition. We then discuss ways in which the Marketplace model deviates from the more …