unwilling to provide basic public goods such as law enforcement, order, education and infrastructure. In Africa this is often … Leone. We also present a hypothesis as to why the extent to which indirect rule has persisted varies greatly within Africa …

In the new millennium, the Western aid effort towards Africa has surged due to writings by well-known economists, a … celebrity mass advocacy campaign, and decisions by Western leaders to make Africa a major foreign policy priority. This survey … contrasts the predominant "transformational" approach (West saves Africa) to occasional swings to a "marginal" approach (West …