have argued that trade makes war less likely, yet World War I erupted at a time of unprecedented globalization. This paper …Existing theories of pre-emptive war typically predict that the leading country may choose to launch a war on a … was Japan who launched a war against the West in 1941, not the West that pre-emptively attacked Japan. Similarly, many …

During World War II the Allies controlled Spain's oil supply in order to limit Spain's support for the Axis. This … war, that produced a rift between Churchill and Roosevelt. Our analysis is based on new monthly estimates of Spain …

interaction between the scarcity of resources and the incentives for war in the presence of limited commitment is at the center of … our theory. We show that a key parameter determining the incentives for war is the elasticity of demand. Our first result … identifies a novel externality that can precipitate war: price-taking firms fail to internalize the impact of their extraction on …

goods. We use linguistic trees, describing the genealogical relationship between the entire set of 6,912 world languages, to …

Medical and public health innovations in the 1940s quickly resulted in significant health improvements around the world …

from over 40 countries: individual exposure to war violence tends to increase social cooperation at the local level …, including community participation and prosocial behavior. Thus while war has many negative legacies for individuals and … reanalyze the emerging body of evidence, and weigh alternative explanations. There is some indication that war violence …