Profit on proprietary research tools is determined partly by the remedies for infringement, such as damages and … affect the incentives to develop research tools. We show that the prevailing legal doctrine of damages under liability rule … damages. This can create insufficient incentives to develop research tools. Incentives can be improved either by a property …

estimates the impact of Celera's gene-level IP on subsequent scientific research and product development. Genes initially … scientific research and product development on the order of 20 to 30 percent. Taken together, these results suggest that Celera …

predict drug response, may impact drug development times, attrition rates, costs, and the future returns to research and …

government grants. We argue that there is no single best mechanism for supporting research. Rather, mechanisms can only be … an intramural activity to largely a grant process. Finally, we observe that much research is supported by a hybrid system …

This paper applies a rational action/economic sociology approach to the central organizational theory question of …

allocation of resources by encouraging rapid experimentation and efficient ex post transfer of knowledge across firms. Each firm … receives a private signal on the success probability of one of many potential research projects and decides when and which … on the identity of the firm) always involve delayed and staggered experimentation, whereas the optimal allocation never …