systems. After showing that the intensity with which people were enslaved and exported from Africa during the 1400 – 1900 …

We examine the effect of malaria on economic development in Africa over the very long run. Using data on the prevalence … of the mutation that causes sickle cell disease we measure the impact of malaria on mortality in Africa prior to the …

unwilling to provide basic public goods such as law enforcement, order, education and infrastructure. In Africa this is often … Leone. We also present a hypothesis as to why the extent to which indirect rule has persisted varies greatly within Africa …

. We construct a newly digitized and geo-referenced dataset of battles in Europe, the Near East and North Africa covering …

using a natural experiment in India as well as data from China, Indonesia, the Philippines, South Africa, and Kenya …

Tourism is a fast-growing services sector in developing countries. This paper combines a rich collection of Mexican … consequences of tourism both locally and in the aggregate. We find that tourism causes large and significant local economic gains … regions, so that the national gains from trade in tourism are mainly driven by a classical market integration effect …