the firm and the Federalist era bank was shaped by these conceptions. The Federalist era debate on the corporation was …, which ultimately influenced how banks did their business. The political debates surrounding the establishment of the Bank of … North America (1782) and the Bank of the United States (1791) defined these banks and nearly every bank chartered thereafter …

crucial year 1930. When the crisis worsened, state and local authorities began declaring bank holidays,' which limited the … right of depositors to make withdrawals, a movement that culminated in the declaration of a national bank holiday by …

We use exogenous variation in the degree of restrictions to bank competition across Italian provinces to study both the … effects of bank regulation and the impact of deregulation. We find that where entry was more restricted the cost of credit was … increase in bad loans. In provinces where restrictions to bank competition were most severe, the proportion of bad loans after …

It is often argued that branching stabilizes banking systems by facilitating diversification of bank portfolios … quantitatively more important than geographical diversification for bank stability in the 1920s and 1930s …

An examination of U.S. banking history shows that economically efficient private bank money requires that information …-revealing securities markets for bank liabilities be closed. That is, banks are optimally opaque, which is why they are regulated and … examined. I show this by examining the transition from private bank notes, the predominant form of money before the U.S. Civil …