hedge. We also explore valuation. The real price of gold is currently high compared to history. In the past, when the real … price of gold was above average, subsequent real gold returns have been below average consistent with mean reversion. On the … holdings to average per capita or per GDP holdings of developed countries, the real price of gold may rise even further from …

price index reduced fertility by around 8 percent both immediately and in the years following the boom. We further document … female opportunity costs which dominated any household income effects resulting from the price boom …

/15. In real terms, however, there was essentially no change in slave prices deflated either by a general consumer price index …, or the price of rice. Low Country slave prices were well above those in the West Indies and Maryland prior to the 1740s …

dead authors – to examine the influence of longer copyrights on price. Difference-in-differences analyses, which compare … changes in the price of books by dead and living authors, indicate a substantial increase in price in response to an extension … indicate no differential increase. Historical evidence suggests that longer copyrights increase price by improving publishers …

. Capital flows in both regimes fueled asset price booms via the banking system ending in major crises in the peripheral …