interest group's campaign contributions to politicians. We uncover a robust hump-shaped relationship between the voting share … estimates of electoral uncertainty and politicians effectiveness as perceived by the interest groups. Our approach also …

Do politicians tend to follow a strategy of ambiguity in their policy positions or a strategy of reputational …

and patronage-based civil service appointments, as part of reform effort to reshape %u201Cwho should govern Congress.%u201 …

We collect data on the rules and practices of financial and conflict disclosure by politicians in 175 countries …

This study argues that economic vulnerability causes citizens to participate in clientelism, a phenomenon with various … requests for private goods from politicians, especially among citizens likely to be in clientelist relationships. We also link … typically have more resources for clientelism. Findings are observed not only during the election campaign, but also a full year …

We study the causes and consequences of patronage in Brazilian cities since the country's re-democratization. We test … patronage for public finances. Our data consist of the universe of public sector employees merged with their party affiliations …, and a dynamic regression discontinuity design is applied to disentangle patronage from the growing political participation …