Regulation consists of rulemaking and enforcement. Economic theory offers two complementary rationales for regulating … arise in multi- party relationships and that regulation introduces opportunities to impose rules that enhance the welfare of … discretion and choose actions for the common good. Agency-cost theories portray regulation as a way to raise the quality of …

1820s. Nonetheless, Massachusetts did not open access easily. This paper documents that until 1812, bank charters were only … of the Federalist bank. The paper documents the close association of politicians and bankers. Before 1811, close to three …

This paper sets forth a discussion framework for the information requirements of systemic financial regulation. It …

bank supervision and eventually produce banking crisis. For political reasons, most countries establish a regulatory … culture that embraces three economically contradictory elements: politically directed subsidies to selected bank borrowers …

effects of bank regulation and the impact of deregulation. We find that where entry was more restricted the cost of credit was …We use exogenous variation in the degree of restrictions to bank competition across Italian provinces to study both the … increase in bad loans. In provinces where restrictions to bank competition were most severe, the proportion of bad loans after …

the heterogeneity of the effect of entry, contract enforcement regulation, and financial development on both the decision … the level of regulation and financial development and some individual characteristics that are important determinants of … entrepreneurship, such as gender, business skills, and social networks. We find that entry regulation moderates the effect of business …