of female rule on war among European polities over the 15th-20th centuries. We utilize gender of the first born and … more likely to engage in war than polities led by kings. Moreover, the tendency of queens to engage as aggressors varied by … aggressive war policies …

powers, the government was able to fund the war by borrowing and levying taxes. In major wars, however, there came a point …

Resources to fight the War for Independence from Great Britain (1775-1783) were to be provided to the U.S. Congress by …, largely flowed to where the theater of war was located. Thus a geographic imbalance in revenue and spending arose. Because …

We analyze financial market data in order to produce an ex-ante assessment of the economic consequences of war with …'s price provides a plausible estimate of the probability of war. The spot oil price has moved closely with the Saddam Security …, suggesting that war raises oil prices by around $10 per barrel. Futures prices imply that markets expect these large immediate …

The nullification of slave wealth after the U.S. Civil War (1861-65) was one of the largest episodes of wealth … compressions in history. We document that white Southern households holding more slave assets in 1860 lost substantially more … wealth by 1870, relative to households that had been equally wealthy before the war. Yet, the sons of former slaveholders …