and income growth, through their effects on transport costs, disease burdens, and agricultural productivity, among other … large transport costs for international trade, as well as populations in tropical regions of high disease burden …This paper addresses the complex relationship between geography and macroeconomic growth. We investigate the ways in …

that geography's effects on development occurred exclusively through its effects on this historical institutional … in the natural resource base and physical geography (e.g. distance to coast), and by the amplification of those …, technology, and geography, and that none of these alone is sufficient to account for the diverse patterns of global growth. We …

to the geography view, societies that were relatively rich in 1500 should also be relatively rich today. In contrast, the …

There is controversy about whether geography matters mainly because of its contemporaneous impact on economic outcomes …