Expenditure visibility—the extent to which a household's spending on a consumption category is noticeable to others …-average spending. Jointly, these visibility measures explain up to three quarters or more of the observed variation in total-expenditure …

affect total expenditures in households headed by low-educated single mothers. However, patterns of expenditure did change … well-being and expenditure patterns of poor single-mother families. Our research suggests that welfare reform did not … significant changes in expenditures on childcare or learning and enrichment activities. This pattern of results suggests that …

In this paper we document significantly steeper declines in nondurable expenditures in the UK compared to the US, in … ownership and expenses, levels and paths of health status, number of household members, and out-of -pocket medical expenditures …