of ideas. Traditional trade flows are an imperfect substitute for flows of the underlying ideas. The simplest textbook … trade model shows that a welfare-enhancing move toward freer flows of ideas should be associated with a reduction in … conventional trade. The large quantitative effect from the flow of ideas is evident in the second half of the 20th century as the …

history analysis, we find that trade was also a pathway of diffusion. Market access served as an important instrument to … encourage a level playing field. The type of trade mattered as much as the volume. In the European core, states emulated the … labor regulation of partners because intraindustry trade was important. The New World exported less differentiated products …

Two prominent features of globalization in recent decades are the remarkable increase in trade and in migratory flows … workers more than less educated workers. This paper extends a model of trade in differentiated goods to analyse the joint … phenomena of migration and trade in a world where countries use different skill-specific technologies and workers have different …

ground for this question: freight rates fell on average by 50% while global trade increased 400% from 1870 to 1913. We … model. We also take the endogeneity of bilateral trade and freight rates seriously and propose an instrumental variables … late nineteenth century global trade boom. Rather, the most powerful forces driving the boom were those of income growth …

Starting with Romer [1987] and Rivera-Batiz-Romer [1991] economists have been able to model how trade enhances growth … through the creation and import of new varieties. In this framework, international trade increases economic output through two … channels. First, trade raises productivity levels because producers gain access to new imported varieties. Second, increases in …

Growth in international trade and globalization has been correlated in nearly all countries with a worsening of the …

period 1988-1993. The central finding is that cities that experience a greater degree of openness in trade also tend to … region's trade openness …

Measured by the ratio of trade to output, the period 1870 1913 marked the birth of the first era of trade globalization … standard, tariffs, and transport costs as determinants of trade. Until 1913 the rise of the gold standard and the fall in … transport costs were the main trade-creating forces. As of 1929 the reversal was driven by higher transport costs. In the 1930s …

What drives globalization today and in the past? We employ a new micro-founded measure of bilateral trade costs based … on a standard model of trade in differentiated goods to address this question. These trade costs gauge the difference … between observed bilateral trade and frictionless trade. They comprise tariffs, transportation costs and all other factors …

within-country inequality, depending on the dimension of globalization involved (e.g. trade versus factor flows), on the … differed greatly across countries: both trade and migration (but not capital flows) made the rich New World more unequal, and …