incentives to reduce risk of various ways of treating such uncertainty under the liability system are identified using a … (if their probability of causation systematically fell below the threshold) and thus do too little to reduce risk; or they …

(self-protection) or size (self-insurance) of a loss. However, in the case of liability risk, especially physician responses … to malpractice risk, most empirical analyses have focused exclusively on measuring self-protection. This paper studies … with higher liability risk, where physicians would have greater incentive to insure against financial risks. Our findings …

risk (defined as the difference between the yield of a sovereign's bonds and the risk free rate). In this paper, we … commodities that were in high demand (e.g., rubber and coffee) between 1891 and 1930 ended up having higher revenues per capita … state governments the sole right to tax exports. We create a panel of state debt risk premia and a series of state level …

We study the effects of Fair Trade (FT) certification of coffee on producers and households in Costa Rica. Examining … the production dynamics of the universe of Costa Rican coffee mills from 1999–2014, we find that FT certification is … associated with a higher sales price, greater sales, and more revenues. These effects are greater when global coffee prices are …