of the asset to fraud, on the frequency of trade, and on the current and future prices of the asset. In equilibrium, the …

. This citation penalty is more severe when the associated retracted article involves fraud or misconduct, relative to cases …

resorted to electoral fraud, which neither the legislative, executive, or judicial branches checked. The decade of unchecked … electoral fraud led to the support for Juan Peron and subsequently to political and economic instability …

extent of fraud where they were strong. At the same time, in places which were completely out of the sphere of the state, and … and fraud is not monotonic …

What external control mechanisms are most effective in detecting corporate fraud? To address this question we study in … depth all reported cases of corporate fraud in companies with more than 750 million dollars in assets between 1996 and 2004 …. We find that fraud detection does not rely on one single mechanism, but on a wide range of, often improbable, actors …

cause of the retraction (fraud vs. mistake) shape the magnitude of the penalty. We find that eminent scientists are more … harshly penalized than their less distinguished peers in the wake of a retraction, but only in cases involving fraud or …