the late 1970s. In contrast, bottom income quantiles and poverty rates have converged across areas in recent decades …

that increases in income are conducive to increases in democracy levels. This doubt stems mainly from the fact that while a … strong positive correlation exists between income and democracy levels, the relationship disappears when one controls for …, such as institutional quality. In this paper, we reexamine the robustness of the income-democracy relationship. We extend …

The conventional view in the direct democracy literature is that spending against a measure is more effective than …

Over the last two centuries, many countries experienced regime transitions toward democracy. We document this … democratic transition over a long time horizon. We use historical time series of income, education and democracy levels from 1870 … to 2000 to explore the economic factors associated with rising levels of democracy. We find that primary schooling, and …

provide evidence at the levels of individual countries and the world--helps explain why democracy advances in waves followed … to leap to a higher level of democracy when they are eventually overthrown …

Growth and democracy (subjective indexes of political freedom) are analyzed for a panel of about 100 countries from …, the overall effect of democracy on growth is weakly negative. There is a suggestion of a nonlinear relationship in which … democracy enhances growth at low levels of political freedom but depresses growth when a moderate level of freedom has already …