our analysis of these new data, we find that the relatively stingy, fixed-price contracts of the Civil War era led … inventors to focus broadly on reducing costs, while the less cost-conscious procurement contracts of World War I did not. We …' preferences across wars. Finally, we find that the Civil War and World War I procurement shocks led to substantial increases in …

emerged in many European countries after World War I. We demonstrate that economic policy uncertainty was instrumental in … pushing a subset of European countries into hyperinflation shortly after the end of the war. Germany, Austria, Poland, and …

World War II was one of the most acute emergencies in U.S. history, and the first where mobilizing science and … research effort to develop technologies and medical treatments that not only helped win the war, but also transformed civilian … different, how crisis policy approaches may vary, and also the limits to generalizing from World War II for other crises …

We analyze financial market data in order to produce an ex-ante assessment of the economic consequences of war with …'s price provides a plausible estimate of the probability of war. The spot oil price has moved closely with the Saddam Security …, suggesting that war raises oil prices by around $10 per barrel. Futures prices imply that markets expect these large immediate …

fight and endure war, the government elites began to provide public goods, reduced rent extraction and adopted policies to …