minority representation in the entering freshman classes declined. In this paper we ask whether the elimination of affirmative … action caused any change in the college application behavior of minority students in the two states. A particular concern is … admission prospects. We use information from SAT-takers in the two states to compare the fractions of minority students who sent …

lead firms to hire minority or female employees who are less qualified than workers who might otherwise be hired. Our … weaker job performance among most groups of minority and female Affirmative Action hires …

-efficiency trade-off: testing improves selection but reduces minority hiring. We develop a conceptual framework to assess when this … performed worse on the test. Yet, testing had no measurable impact on minority hiring, and productivity gains were uniformly … introducing additional negative information about minority applicants, most plausibly because both the job test and the informal …

, increases the number of minority or female applicants as well as employees, and increases employers' tendencies to provide … credentials or performance of women and minorities hired. When it is also used in hiring, it yields female and minority employees …

, educational attainment, work history, and other background variables for several cities circa 1950. Such data are extremely rare …

historians have agreed are pivotal in American history' during the period 1925-1937. Using information we collected on strike …