1860, we estimate the responsiveness of domestic production to fluctuations in import prices and conclude that the industry …

century of data. The results show that the standard import-weighted average tariff understates the TRI, defined as the uniform … thereafter to less than one-tenth of one percent of GDP by the early 1960s. On average, import duties resulted in a welfare loss …

This paper describes a new fact, then analyzes its causes and consequences: in most countries, import tariffs and non …, substantially accounts for this pattern. The downstream pattern can be explained by theories where industries lobby for low tariffs …

reports a set of world tariff facts for the 150 years between 1789 and 1938 that have not been well appreciated. First, tariff … industrially-lagging Europe, and more steeply even in Asia. Furthermore, after world tariff rates rose between 1865 and 1900, they … world tariff facts come from two sources: Stolper-Samuelson -- scarce factors should lobby for protection when exposed to …

sensitive to changes in import prices. Although import price fluctuations had a much greater impact on U.S. production than … changes in import duties, our estimates suggest that the tariff permitted domestic output to be about thirty to forty percent …

It has long been recognized that a country's tariffs are the endogenous outcome of a rent-seeking game whose … equilibrium reflects national institutions. Thus, the structure of tariffs across industries provides insights into how … average tariffs provided tariffs are biased towards skill-intensive industries. Second, there need not be any relationship …

preference by economists for factor or product taxes and subsidies over tariffs and export subsidies may not be justified in this …