Commercializing knowledge involves transfer from discovering scientists to those who will develop it commercially. New … opportunities if high. Hence new knowledge remains naturally excludable and appropriable. Team production allows more knowledge … capture of tacit, complex discoveries by firm scientists. A robust indicator of a firm's tacit knowledge capture (and strong …

and as a patent. Such patent-paper pairs are at the heart of our empirical strategy. We exploit the fact that patents are … knowledge associated with a patent paper pair therefore diffuses within two distinct intellectual property environments %u2013 …While the potential for intellectual property rights to inhibit the diffusion of scientific knowledge is at the heart …

Using detailed data on biotechnology in Japan, we find that identifiable collaborations" between particular university …'s biotech patents by 34 percent development by 27 percent, and products on the market by 8 percent as of 1989-1990. However … there is little evidence of geographically localized knowledge spillovers. In early industry" formation, star scientists …

This paper directs attention at the globalization of knowledge and knowledge creation as the fundamental global driver … of economic outcomes in today's information economy. It documents the globalization of knowledge and spread of scientific …; boosts labor standards; and influences incomes and inequality within and across countries. To the extent that knowledge is …

How large are spatial barriers to transferring knowledge? We analyze the international operations of multinational … firms to answer this fundamental question. In our model firms can transfer bits of knowledge to their foreign affiliates in … either embodied (traded intermediates) or disembodied form (direct communication). Knowledge transfer costs interact with the …

The rate of regional growth of new knowledge in the field of nanotechnology, as measured by counts of articles and … patents in the open-access digital library NanoBank, is shown to be positively affected both by the size of existing regional … stocks of recorded knowledge in all scientific fields, and the extent to which tacit knowledge in all fields flows between …

, such as intellectual human capital, can predict where and when biotechnology enterprises emerge and agglomerate. Density … more conjectural than empirically tenable. We argue and demonstrate for biotechnology that an alternative model based on … essentially uncorrelated with the panel data on biotechnology entry by year and region while the combined model has correlation …

In this paper, we examine the determinants of control rights in technology strategic alliances between biotechnology … firms and pharmaceutical corporations, as well as with other biotechnology firms. We undertake three clinical studies and an …

.S. biotechnology enterprises during 1976-1989. Using a linked cross-section/time- series panel data set, we find that the timing and … intellectual capital is related to knowledge spillovers, but in this case 'natural excludability' permits capture of supranormal … structures. We believe biotechnology may be prototypical of the birth patterns in other innovative industries …