The conventional view in the direct democracy literature is that spending against a measure is more effective than …

Across countries, education and democracy are highly correlated. We motivate empirically and then model a causal … civic participation, including voting and organizing. In the battle between democracy and dictatorship, democracy has a wide …

more educated electorate enhances the quality of democracy. While some earlier studies document an association between …

that increases in income are conducive to increases in democracy levels. This doubt stems mainly from the fact that while a … strong positive correlation exists between income and democracy levels, the relationship disappears when one controls for …, such as institutional quality. In this paper, we reexamine the robustness of the income-democracy relationship. We extend …