The freedom of citizens to form voluntary associations has long been viewed as an essential ingredient of modern civil … society. Our chapter revises the standard Tocquevillian account of associational freedom in the early United States by …

This paper explores the foundations of religious influence in politics and society. We show that an important Islamic … early 1960s, rural elites transferred large amounts of land into waqf —inalienable charitable trusts in Islamic law—to avoid …

political interference in the administration of justice, from those of American freedom, which allow judges to restrain law … predictors of political but not of economic freedom. Judicial independence explains half of the positive effect of common law …Hayek (1960) distinguishes the institutions of English freedom, which guarantee the independence of judges from …

economics of slavery; the economics of stature; and the economics of complexion. The results reveal that height, complexion, and …

-specific characteristics such as the level of political freedom are taken into account. Political freedom is shown to explain terrorism, but it … does so in a non-monotonic way: countries in some intermediate range of political freedom are shown to be more prone to … terrorism than countries with high levels of political freedom or countries with highly authoritarian regimes. This result …

the law for minorities) in addition to the other two. Democratic transitions are typically the product of a settlement … cleavages, they are less conducive to liberal politics …

oppositional political action that could protect pluralism and freedom …