mining deposits is associated with bigger firms and fewer start-ups in the middle of the 20th century. We use mines as an … cold and warm regions alike and in industries that are not directly related to mining, such as trade, finance and services …

of increasing safety rather than production. We study the U.S. metals mining sector, leveraging exogenous demand shocks …

damage. As expected, when the environmental damage from mining is known, the socially optimal timing will depend on the … mining until better information arrives. We show conditions under which it is optimal to postpone the mining decision … marginal mine owner is completely indifferent between mining immediately and at any point in the future. Thus, for our problem …

rate, trade volumes would be higher, cross-country export patterns more dissimilar, and intra-industry trade lower than in …

1827. These estimates are used to assess the vulnerability of the antebellum iron industry to foreign competition and the … role of the tariff in fostering the industry's early development. Domestic pig iron production is found to be highly …

Indian manufacturing plants, we show that production and sourcing decisions appear systematically distorted in states with …

Over the course of the nineteenth century manufacturing in the United States shifted from artisan shop to factory … building of extensive railroad network. Using a newly created data set of manufacturing establishments linked to county level … data on rail access from 1850-70, we ask whether the coming of the railroad increased establishment size in manufacturing …