effects of pregnancy and childbirth on women's ability to work, while the introduction of infant formula reduced mothers …

, hospitals posed a greater risk for black mothers prior to the availability of sulfa drugs in 1937, and were less beneficial for …

breastfeeding decisions and test the model's predictions using survey data from India. First, we find that breastfeeding increases … with birth order, since mothers near or beyond their desired total fertility are more likely to make use of the … contraceptive properties of nursing. Second, given a preference for having sons, mothers with no or few sons want to conceive again …

in rural Odisha, India. This is a group for whom highly-gendered norms around marriage, mobility and work are likely to … shape opportunities to form and maintain meaningful ties with other women. We track the social networks of 2,170 mothers …

patrilocality and concern for women's "purity" help explain the male-skewed sex ratio in India and China and low female employment … in India, the Middle East, and North Africa, for example. I also discuss why the sex ratio has become more male …