Data on 2,355 married women from the 2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey are used to study how female employment … affects fertility in China. China has deep concerns with both population size and female employment, so the relationship … between the two should be better understood. Causality flows in both directions. A conceptual model shows how employment …

To isolate the impact of access to electricity on local economies, we examine the impact of the Rural Electrification …

levels, suggesting that residential electrification may reduce social welfare. We discuss how leakage, reduced demand (due to …

In recent years, electrification has re-emerged as a key priority in low-income countries, with a particular focus on … has produced a set of conflicting results. Does household electrification lead to measurable gains in living standards or … not? Focusing on grid electrification, we discuss how the divergent conclusions across the literature can be explained by …

invest in rural electrification, decisions about how to extend electricity access are being made in the absence of rigorous … electrification rates remain very low despite significant investments in grid infrastructure. This pattern holds across time and for …