observations on most businesses located in California. The evidence indicates that enterprise zones do not increase employment. We … also find no shift of employment toward the lower-wage workers targeted by enterprise zone incentives. We conclude that the …

We estimate the effects of Wal-Mart stores on county-level retail employment and earnings, accounting for endogeneity … employment results indicate that a Wal-Mart store opening reduces county-level retail employment by about 150 workers, implying … retail employment. The payroll results indicate that Wal-Mart store openings lead to declines in county-level retail earnings …

-level employment. For the average state, reducing the payroll weight from one-third to one-quarter increases manufacturing employment … externalities on other states in that the effects of the apportionment formula on aggregate employment is zero. Every job gained …

below-average wages. According to simulation results, taxes lower long-run employment levels in high-wage areas by 17 … $40 billion in 2008. Employment is shifted from North to South and from urban to rural areas. Tax deductions index taxes …

employment" growth, with regions that concentrated on the production of durable goods or inputs to the" construction sector …

differences in pay and employment seem remarkably persistent. This paper documents long-run trends in female employment, working …