to differences in what qualifies for a valid research design and not underlying differences in the datasets …

. We identify research inputs based on a natural language analysis of 10 billion word and word sequence patent pairs in 6 …Intelligently allocating research effort and funds requires deciding whether to build on recent advances or on more … established knowledge. When recent advances create superior opportunities for invention, their adoption as research inputs in the …

We develop a model of induced innovation where research effort is a function of the death rate, and thus the potential … innovation based on differences in disease prevalence across population subgroups (i.e. race). Our model yields three empirical … predictions. First, initial death rates and subsequent research effort should be positively correlated. Second, research effort …

We investigate rewards to R&D in a model where substitute ideas for innovation arrive to random recipients at random …

This chapter reviews academic research on the connections between agglomeration and innovation. We first describe the … conceptual distinctions between invention and innovation. We then describe how these factors are frequently measured in the data …, industrial diversity) that theoretical and empirical work link to innovation, and we discuss factors that help sustain these …

-by-step innovation. Innovations result from costly R&D investments and move technology up one step. Competition is inversely measured by …-and-neck. All these results are consistent with the predictions of step-by-step innovation models …

War II. In 1940, a group of top U.S. science administrators organized a major coordinated research effort to support the … Allied war effort, including significant investments in medical research which yielded innovations like mass …-produced penicillin, antimalarials, and a flu vaccine. We draw on this episode to discuss the economics of crisis innovation. Since the …

consumer surplus, which many times is consistent with maximizing static efficiency after an innovation has been developed …

We explore the determinants of research specialization across countries and its consequences for relative wages. Using … research regardless of trade barriers or research productivity. As long as trade barriers are not too high, faster diffusion … shifts research activity toward the country that does it better. This shift in research activity raises the relative wage …