city inhabitants, and lower levels of military spending by ruling elites, as predicted by the theory …

per job of $30,000 per year. A complementary IV estimation strategy yields similar estimates. We also explore the …

States, Canada, Germany, and several other OECD countries during and after the Great Recession of 2008-09. Unemployment rates … did not change substantially in Germany, increased and remained at relatively high levels in the United States, and … increased moderately in Canada. More recent data also show that, unlike Germany and Canada, the U.S. unemployment rate remains …

identification strategies used, critically assess strengths and weaknesses, discuss connections with theory, and draw out potential …