This paper examines the impact of unionization on profit- ability, growth and productivity using time series data on … negative union effects on profitability, but growth, productivity and the capital-labor ratio appear to be little affected by … may have longer term implications for efficiency since the impact on profitability appears to fall most heavily on firms …

Profitability, as measured by gross profits-to-assets, has roughly the same power as book-to-market predicting the …, despite having, on average, lower book-to-markets and higher market capitalizations. Controlling for profitability also … profitability explains most earnings related anomalies, as well as a wide range of seemingly unrelated profitable trading strategies …

' future returns. Becoming more skilled, however, can reduce a manager's expected profit if enough other managers also become … more skilled. The greater skill allows those managers to identify profit opportunities more accurately, but active …