different technology fields and countries of ownership. The measures are derived from parametric estimation of a model of patent … sharply across technology fields. The paper quantifies the equivalent subsidy to R&D generated by the patent system …, characterizes variations in the value of patent rights across technology fields, countries of ownership and time, and explores the …

bodies and private firms. One little-explored empirical testing ground is the patent system. This paper examines the … administrative practices of patent offices in sixty countries over a 150-year period. I show that the usage of patent renewal fees … economies, and those where international trade is more important-incorporate discretionary features into their patent systems …

standardization rate (and of competition). Second, we characterize the growth and welfare maximizing speed of standardization. We show … production requires skilled workers. Innovation is followed by a costly process of standardization, whereby these new goods are … adapted to be produced using unskilled labor. Our framework highlights a number of novel results. First, standardization is …

affects the willingness to enforce patents, (iii) how the cost of enforcing" patents changes the private value of patent …. To frame these issues, we start with a stylized model of the patent" litigation process. The bulk of the paper is devoted … to linking the empirical literature on patent" litigation to the parameters of the model. The four major areas we …

regulates whether followers in an industry can copy the technology of the leader and also how much they have to pay to license … past innovations. With full patent protection, followers can catch up to the leader in their industry either by making the … simple form of licensing. Second, we show that full patent protection is not optimal from the viewpoint of maximizing the …

and empirical studies. Economic theory makes no unequivocal prediction. By contrast, empirical studies of patent pools, to …. As theory seems to predict, the empirical effects of patent pools on innovation are likely to be ambiguous, dependent on …The impact of patent pools on the rate and direction of technological change is an open question in both theoretical …

Many standard setting organizations (SSOs) require participants to disclose patents that might be infringed by … implementing a proposed standard, and commit to license their “essential” patents on terms that are at least fair, reasonable and … parties to a standard. We develop a simple model of the disclosure process to illustrate the link between SSO rules and patent …

preliminary injunctions in civil litigation. The hypothesis is tested using a sample of 252 patent suits, which allows us to …

A model of patent infringement is developed to analyze the relationship between litigation and aspects of the legal … environment such as the probability that the patent is found valid, the size of legal fees and their allocation across agents … this game has a fundamental impact on the value of patent protection to a patentee. This model is then linked to a patent …

risks. We find that better appropriability in the sense of more effective patent strength and secrecy has a strong negative … technology commercialization, while lead time has a negative effect …