. As theory seems to predict, the empirical effects of patent pools on innovation are likely to be ambiguous, dependent on … and empirical studies. Economic theory makes no unequivocal prediction. By contrast, empirical studies of patent pools, to … date, have largely concluded that patent pools have been associated with reduced rates of technical innovation in the …

innovation and international technology transfer in general. The literature suggests that patent protection in a host country … technologies. How will patent protection affect this process? In this paper we first review the evidence on the role of patents for … encourages technology transfer to that country but that its impact on innovation and development is much more ambiguous. We then …

encouragement of creation and innovation. Optimal policy depends on the quantitative strength of these two forces. We give a …

pharmaceuticals. We challenge this orthodox view and show, to the contrary, that the pace of innovation often is faster in a world …

potential static losses that result from reduced competition during the patent term. We take advantage of the fact that at the …. We find that patents have important consequences for access to new drugs: in the absence of a patent, launch is unlikely …We examine the effect of pharmaceutical patent protection on the speed of drug launch, price, and quantity in 60 …

In a dynamic environment where underlying competition is "for the market," this paper examines what happens when … incumbents and entrants in a cumulative innovation environment; that is, entrants may not be adequately compensated for losses in …

We study how the market for innovation affects enforcement of patent rights. Conventional wisdom associates the gains … from trade with comparative advantage in manufacturing or marketing. We show that these gains imply that patent … transactions should increase litigation risk. We identify a new source of gains from trade, comparative advantage in patent …

firms. Our focus is on the tradeoffs between using patents and disclosing versus the use of secrecy, although we also look …

As countries reform their patent laws to be in compliance with the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement …, an important question is how increased patent protection will affect drug prices in low-income countries. Using … competition. As India is the leading supplier of medicines in Sub-Saharan Africa, this region will likely be affected most …

This paper examines three sets of explanations for variations in the strength of patent protection across sixty … countries and a 150-year period. Wealthier nations are more likely to have patent systems, to allow patentees a longer time to … put their patents into practice, and to ratify treaties assuring equal treatment of other nations. But they are also …