We analyze the evolution of health insurer costs in Massachusetts between 2010-2012, paying particular attention to … costs fall after their entering year), so cost growth of continuing enrollees in a plan is significantly higher than average … impact of cost control incentives on HMO costs is likely different from their impact on market-wide insurer costs …

surveying Pakistani soccer-ball producers. We document six facts: (1) Mark-ups are more dispersed than costs; (2) Mark-ups and … costs increase with firm size; (3) The mark-up elasticity with respect to size exceeds the cost elasticity; (4) Costs …