Tropical deforestation accounts for almost one-fifth of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide and threatens the world …'s most diverse ecosystems. The prevalence of illegal forest extraction in the tropics suggests that understanding the … incentives of local bureaucrats and politicians who enforce forest policy may be critical to understanding tropical deforestation …

drastic switches at tipping points, in response to changes in rainfall patterns and other drivers. Deforestation cost studies … the true social cost of deforestation. We explore the implications of a forest-savanna critical transition and propose an … for ecosystem services. We apply this framework to the calculation of the social cost of deforestation of the Amazon …

List' of municipalities in 2008, to be targeted with more intense environmental monitoring and enforcement. In this setting … deforestation. We focus on the Amazon, the world's most extensive rainforest, where Brazil's federal government issued a ‘Priority …. This involves a procedure for assigning municipalities to a counterfactual list that minimizes total deforestation subject …

which received the program for two years. The PES program reduced deforestation and forest degradation: Tree cover, measured …

affect the design of price and non-price terms of bank loans in almost 60 countries. Our results support the law and finance … view that private contracts reflect differences in legal protection of creditors and the enforcement of contracts. Loans …

Standard models of aggregate demand treat money and credit asymmetrically; money is given a special status, while loans …, bonds, and other debt instruments are lumped together in a "bond market" and suppressed by Walras' Law. This makes bank … is that loans and bonds are imperfect substitutes. In the modified model, credit supply and demand shocks have …

tropical deforestation, policymakers need to pay attention to the transactions costs associated with negotiating, monitoring …

This paper shows that the level of deforestation in Indonesia is positively related to the degree of ethnic … political economy of deforestation. They are consistent with the literature on (under) provision of public goods and social … decentralisation can reduce deforestation by delegating powers to more homogeneous communities …