Sanctions are measures that one party (the sender) takes to influence the actions of another (the target). Sanctions …, or the threat of sanctions, have been used, for example, by creditors to get a foreign sovereign to repay debt or by one … government to influence the human rights, trade, or foreign policies of another government. Sanctions can harm the sender as well …

apprehend. When the probability of apprehension is the same for all individuals, optimal sanctions will be maximal: as Gary … Becker (1968) suggested, raising sanctions and reducing the probability of apprehension saves enforcement resources. This … not at all, optimal enforcement may involve less than maximal sanctions …

have argued that trade makes war less likely, yet World War I erupted at a time of unprecedented globalization. This paper …

can be viewed as a form of economic sanction and has two advantages over most sanctions: it helps rather than hurts the … greater incentives to judge truthfully. A similar approach could be used to reduce moral hazard associated with World Bank and …

Theoretical models have suggested that sanctions may be important for enforcing sovereign debt contracts (Bulow and … Rogoff, 1989a, 1989b). This paper examines the role of sanctions in promoting debt repayment during the classical gold … standard period. We analyze a wide range of sanctions including gunboat diplomacy, external fiscal control over a country …

in world trade in manufactures during 2008-2009. A shift in final spending away from tradable sectors, largely caused by …

perceived to have “a mainly positive or negative influence in the world.” Holding other things constant, a country's exports are …