types to voters. We identify two novel implications of models in which signalling incentives are important. First, because …. Second, voters can exploit the signalling behavior of politicians by precommitting to a higher threshold for signals received …. Raising the threshold discourages signalling effort by low quality politicians but encourages effort by high quality …

The large literature on costly signaling and the somewhat scant literature on preference signaling had varying success …

We outline a dividend signaling approach in which rational managers signal firm strength to investors who are loss …