OECD countries 1992-2007. We focus on risk sharing through savings, factor income flows, and capital gains. Risk sharing … through factor income and capital gains was close to zero before 1999 but has increased since then. Risk sharing from capital … gains, at about 6 percent, is higher than risk sharing from factor income flows for European Union countries and OECD …

Many rural households in low and middle income countries continue to rely on small-scale agriculture as their primary … source of income. In the absence of irrigation, income arrives only once or twice per year, and has to cover consumption and … more liquidity-constrained farms. This reallocation reduces consumption and income inequality among treated farmers and …

We study the impacts of a rural development program designed to boost the income of the smallfarm sector in Nicaragua …. Exploiting the random assignment of treatment, we find statistically and economically significant impacts on gross farm income … program impacts over time and find that the estimated income increase persists and that the impacts on productive capital …