of female rule on war among European polities over the 15th-20th centuries. We utilize gender of the first born and … more likely to engage in war than polities led by kings. Moreover, the tendency of queens to engage as aggressors varied by … aggressive war policies …

powers, the government was able to fund the war by borrowing and levying taxes. In major wars, however, there came a point …

I examine the outcomes of cases of entry by merchant shipping lines into established markets around the turn of the … century. These established markets are completely dominated by an incumbent cartel composed of several member shipping lines …. The cartel makes the decision whether or not to begin a price war against the entrant; some entrants are formally admitted …

overseas deployment, which can include service in a combat or war zone, exposure to casualties, or both. The 2010 National …

belligerents: Britain, France, Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary. At the outbreak of the war, these nations suspended … convertibility of their currencies into gold with the promise that after the war each would restore convertibility at the old par …. However, once convertibility was suspended, the value of each currency depended on the outcome of the war. I decompose …

back Parliament against the king during the Civil War in 1642, and they supported the modernization of Parliament during …